试卷详情
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公共英语四级真题2011年09月
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[简答题]
In his lectures at the Lyceum, a school that remained for centuries one of the great centers of learning in Greece, Aristotle defined the basic concepts and principles of many of the sciences.
1) In the first place. Aristotle criticized Plato’s theory of Forms by arguing that forms could not exist by themselves but existed only in particular things, which are composed of both form and matter. He understood substances as matter organized by a particular form.
Nature, for Aristotle, is an organic system of things whose forms make it possible to arrange them into classes comprising species and genera. Each species, he believed, has a form, purpose, and mode of development in terms of which it can be defined. 2) The aim of science is to define the essential forms, purposes, and modes of development of all species and to arrange them in their natural order in accordance with their complexities of form. The main levels are the inanimate, the vegetati -
[单项选择]
In the 21st century there’s no doubt that frightening new infectious diseases will appear. Today new viruses are coming out of nature and "discovering" the human species. Just since 1994, at least 30 new viruses have appeared.
Viruses are moving into the human species because there are more of us all the time. From a virus’ point of view, we look like a free lunch that’s getting bigger. In nature viral diseases tend to break out when populations increase rapidly and become densely packed. Then many deaths occur and the population drops. This is nature’s population-control mechanism. There is no reason to think the human race is free from the laws of nature.
Giving these laws an extra push will be the rise of megacities—huge densely packed cities in less developed nations. A United Nations study predicts that by the year 2015, there will be 26 extremely big cities on the planet. By then, some megacities could have 30 million
A. different human races are mixed in living.
B. many people live in crowded communities.
C. population drops due to nature’s control mechanism.
D. new viruses appear for the first time. -
[单项选择]
Paul Johnson’s A History Of The American People is what we have come to expect from this productive writer—clear, colorful narrative, vivid character sketches, marvelous research, sweeping, confident statements, and an insistent conservative viewpoint which tempts him into serious omissions. He will not conceal his opinions, he tells us. Good. Then we can judge his history free of pretences to objectivity—his or ours.
Almost at start, we notice something interesting: Johnson passes quickly over a defining moment in American history—the Columbus story—important because it is the first lesson every American schoolchild learns. How you treat that story—what you choose to tell of it—signals your view of the longer American experience, reaching to our time.
In school textbooks, Columbus has always been presented as a hero. Only recently has a new set of facts—always available but ignored—begun to get into public att
A. critical.
B. objective.
C. defensive.
D. admiring. -
[单项选择]
In the past decade, new scientific developments in communications have changed the way many people gather information about politics. The most important of these new (1) is the Internet. Recent research suggests the use of the Internet for political information increases the (2) of participation.
While a(n) (3) relationship between Internet news and political participation has been found, a theoretical link as to why the Internet is (4) from other media forms is largely (5) This research is an attempt to (6) the "black-box" linking the Internet and political participation by building on two theoretical (7) The first, surge and decline theory, comes out of political science and the second, media systems dependency theory, (8) from communications. Both explanations focus on individual costs and benefits of political participation. The media can (9) the "costs" by providing s
A. technologies
B. materials
C. concepts
D. devices -
[单项选择]
Given the fact that each person is only one of approximately 90 million voters in this country, does it make sense to believe that one person’s participation, one vote, will have any impact on a major election Simply to raise the question "What if everyone felt the same way" does not remove the lingering impression that a single person is made to feel insignificant by the enormous number of people who do go to the polls, especially in a national election.
Supporters of the ruling elite theory insist that even though voters are given a choice among candidates, their choice is restricted to a narrow range of similar-minded individuals approved by the ruling "elite. Elections do not express what most people want or need, nor do they provide guidance for politicians (even if they want it) on what policies to enact. In this view, elections are primarily just rituals that perform a symbolic function for society.
Still, since most people continue to
A. They are routine practices in a modern society.
B. They are political gathering for a small number of people.
C. They are deceptive schemes manipulated by the ruling party.
D. They are chances for those who want to utter their wishes. -
[单项选择]
As time goes on, how to do good critical thinking is increasingly marginalized or even left out. of the modem educational process. Critical thinking involves a mental process that is highly disciplined and therefore requires most practitioners to be trained in it. This training is best begun in the formative years, and it is best taught by energetic, motivated teachers who continually challenge, and debate, and demand increasingly rigorous thinking of their young students. However, as in all things, it is never too late to begin.
Critical thinking is the process of evaluating and analyzing a proposition or an argument that has been offered to the thinker, for criticism, as being true. There follows a process of reasoning, evaluation of the offered evidence, and reflection, always begun from a point of skepticism. A proper critique of the offered argument involves more than direct observation. Besides reasoning, cognition and experience, proper critical thinking also invol
A. because it requires well-organized mental activity.
B. because it has been stressed in modem education.
C. who marginalize the traditional idea of education.
D. who can direct students towards rigorous thinking.