Passage Four For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to" rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response w
A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
Passage Four For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to" rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response w
A. have the lights turned on
B. be rewarded with milk
C. please their parents
D. be praised
Passage Four NED KELLY has been described as "one of the most romantic figures in Australian history" and as "the father of our national courage". Yet he was a criminal. He shot and killed policemen. He kept ordinary Australians hostage. He was a thief. Why was he considered a hero and why is he still revered today, more than 100 years after his death It is a national mystery. He is and was a controversial figure. His whole family was on the wrong side of the law. His parents were sent to Australia on a convict ship for committing petty crimes. Ned’s criminal career began at a young age in country Victoria. In 1874 he was jailed for stealing a horse. Ellen Kelly, his mother, was jailed in 1878 for wounding a policeman. Also in 1878 Ned and his younger brother Dan were falsely accused of attacking a wounded policeman. Both men fled to the bush where the "Kelly Gang" was formed. For sixteen months they eluded police,, committing robberies
A. he committed so many crimes
B. some people think he is a hero and others think he is a criminal
C. he killed policemen
D. he is a criminal but he is coward
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