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Exchange Rates：A Brief History of Exchange Rates
For centuries，the currencies of the world were backed by gold．That is，a piece of paper currency issued by any world government represented a real amount of gold held in a vault by that government．In the 1930s，the U.S.set the value of the dollar at 8 single，unchanging level：l ounce of gold was worth $35．After World War II，other countries based the value of their currencies on the U.S.dollar．Since everyone knew how much gold a U.S.dollar was worth，then the value of any other currency against the dollar could be based on its value in gold．A currency worth twice as much gold as a U.S.dollar was，therefore，also worth two U.S.dollars．
Unfortunately，the real world of economics outpaced this system．The U.S.dollar suffered from inflation(its value relative to the goods it could purchase decreased)，while other currencies became more valuable and more stable．Finally，in 1971，the U.S.took away
A. After World War I
B. After World Wat II
C. In 1930s
D. In 1960s
[简答题] A Brief History of American Anti-Smoking Campaigns
The First Anti-Smoking Treatise
Tobacco is a native American plant that was first used as a smoking substance in the religious ceremonies of Indian medicine men in coastal regions of North and South America. Its use had become widespread in Europe by the late 1500s, but was not well received by all. King James I of England published what may be considered the first anti-smoking treatise in 1604, which described tobacco smoking as "a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs".
Despite King James’’ effort, tobacco use, in the form of snuff dipping and pipe smoking spread in England and then quickly throughout the world. The English colonial companies, working against the wishes of the royal family, promoted the use of tobacco. Tobacco became a profitable export for the newly formed American colonies.
It was not until the 20th century that large num
