[单项选择]Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty-creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a "counterculture", as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor—to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research.
The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions (and
A. they are also members of the same society as the poor
B. they play an important role in creating and reproducing poverty
C. solution of the poverty problem is at their mercy
D. they know the living conditions of the poor better than other groups

[单项选择]Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty-creating structures. They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a "counterculture", as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor—to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research.
The elites, who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions (and
A. not enough legal frameworks have been created to relieve the condition of the poor
B. they have done little to actually provide relief programs for the poor
C. they ignore the role of the elites as an object for poverty research
D. the poor people themselves do not much appreciate such effort

[单项选择]American researchers say they have found the strongest connection between ozone(臭氧) pollution and damage to health. Their findings show that short-term increases in ozone lead to higher death rates in cities.
Ozone is form of oxygen. The gas is produced naturally in the upper atmosphere to protect the earth against radiation from the sun. But human activities can also create ozone in the lower atmosphere. Gasses from cars and industry react with sunlight to form this ozone. Levels usually increase in the warmer months. Ozone is the main chemical in smog, the air pollution that is a combination of fog and smoke.
Ozone has been connected with heart and lung problems especially, and with higher rates of hospital cases. Researchers from Yale University and Johns Hopkins University did the study. Michelle Bell of Yale was the lead researcher. The Journal of the American Medical Association published the results. The researchers collected information on 95 American cities. These co
A. death rates are connected with ozone levels
B. ozone is made up of two parts
C. lung cancers are connected with ozone levels
D. the environment goes worse and worse in American

[单项选择](Researchers) have found subtle neurological (differences) between the brains of men and women (either) in physical structure and in (the way) they function.
A. Researchers
B. differences
C. either
D. the way

[单项选择]Researchers in many countries have observed that middle class children as a group are more successful in the educational system than working class children. More of the former, for example, reach college. Professor Basil Bernstein of the University of London has argued that there is a link between social class and educational failure and that this link is language. In a series of papers published from 1958 to 1973 Bernstein has developed a theory of the "structure and process of cultural transmission," or socialization, part of which may be summarized as follows.
One characteristic of many (but not all) working class families is that the status of different members of the family is clearly defined; the authority of the father, for instance, derives from the fact that he is the father. This type of family Bernstein calls positional, and he contrasts it with the person-centered family type, more common (although not omnipresent) in the middle classes. In the latter, status, authorit
A. both working class mothers and middle class ones can refuse a request reasonably
B. neither working class mothers nor middle class ones want their children to cat very often the ice cream
C. working class mothers often speak more authoritatively
D. middle class mothers often speak with elaborated code