[听力原文]11-15
Nobody knows who first invented the umbrella, but it was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were Chinese, in the eleventh century B. C.. We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a sign of honor. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by those in high office.
In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first people in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against the rain were the ancient Romans.
By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that women’s umbrellas began to be made
Who knows better than your customers where your operations can be improved Today, progressive firms increasingly rely on advisory councils to suggest improvements, recommend action, and offer feedback on programs and policies. In fact, many companies feel that this form of communication is vital to the continuous improvement of their business operations.
A council, among other things, improves communication and spurs improvement of operations. Remember that the secret to success is dialogue -- the .exchange of ideas and opinions. Focus on problems your customers have. Spell out your goals and objectives.
Each meeting should have a specific objective to accomplish. Determine the meeting’sfrequency. If you want to implement a strategic plan, an annual meeting may be enough. If you want to focus on operational issues, more meetings may be needed.A good council will have no more than 12 people, with half of the members from your company and half your customers.
A. 50 to 50 representation from the company and its customers respectively
B. Changeable membership
C. Members of different types
D. Members should move around for more suggestions
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