[填空题]By the end of the 19th century people had shown enormous enthusiasm for ______.

[填空题]By the end of the 19th century people had shown enormous enthusiasm for ______.

[单项选择]Why were people in the early 19th century unhappy when they received letters [A] Because they had to buy stamps. [B] Because they had to pay postage. [C] Because the letters always brought them bad news.

[填空题]In the 16th century people developed great passion for plant collecting out of religious reasons as well as ______.

[单项选择]

European conservatives, until the end of the 19th century, rejected democratic principles and institutions. Instead they opted for monarchies or for authoritarian government（）

A. chose
B. constructed
C. conceived
D. conserved

[单项选择]

At the end of the 19th century, Austrian physician and neurologist (神经病学家) Sigmund Freud developed a new theory that explained psychology. Freud argued that the mind had deep emotional desires hidden from consciousness. He termed the mental storehouse of hidden desire the unconscious. He claimed that the unconscious was a place of irrational (不合理的), often sexual and aggressive, desires. It was, he believed, also the source of human volition (意志；意志力) and will.
The unconscious was a revolutionary idea, inl9th-century psychology, which commonly asserted that the individual was an entirely rational, self-conscious being. Freud suggested that because the unconscious was the source of human will, truly rational individual behavior was impossible unless the individual came to understand the unconscious wellsprings of behavior. Freud developed psychoanalysis (精神分析学), a method of exploring the unconscious that relied on the analysis of dreams and other irrational phenomena, such a
A. What is the psychology
B. Who is Sigmund Freud
C. Sigmund Freud and his Psychology theory.
D. Unconscious was the source of human will.

[单项选择]At the tail end of the 19th century, Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that natural history— which he saw as a war against fear and superstition-ought to be narrated "in such a way that everyone who hears it is irresistibly inspired to strive after spiritual and bodily health and vigour," and he grumbled that artists had yet to discover the right language to do this. "None the less," Nietzsche admitted, "the English have taken admirable steps in the direction of that ideal... the reason is that they [natural history books] are written by their most distinguished scholars—whole, complete and fulfilling natures. "
The English language tradition of nature writing and narrating natural history is gloriously rich, and although it may not make any bold claims to improving health and wellbeing, it does a good job—for readers and the subjects of the writing. Where the insights of field naturalists meet the legacy of poets such as Clare, Wordsworth, Hughes and Heaney, there emerges a languag
A. they will carry forward the tradition of nature writing
B. they will confront a changing environment and have their own perspective of natural history
C. they will study the causes of climate change and promote the notion and significance of biodiversity
D. they will value more the sophisticated ecological literacy of the nature writers and country diarists