In the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, "The Clash of Civilizations. " Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between ’civilizations,’ the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11 th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence.
Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the "great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. " He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a
A. advocated the interdependence of different cultures
B. proposed a return of the world to its former state
C. depicted the world in the post Cold War period
D. stressed cultural aspects of international conflicts
Joseph Rykwert entered his field when post-war modernist architecture was coming under fire for its alienating embodiment of outmoded social ideals. Think of the UN building in New York. the city of Brasilia. the UNESCO building in Paris, the blocks of housing "projects" throughout the world. These tall. uniform boxes are set back from the street, isolated by windswept plazas. They look inward to their own functions, presenting no "face" to the inhabitants of the city, no "place" for social interaction. For Mr. Rykwert. who rejects the functionalist spirit of the Athens Charter of 1933. a manifesto for much post-war building, such facelessness destroys the human meaning of the city. Architectural form should not rigidly follow function, but ought to reflect the needs of the social body it represents.
Like other forms of representation, architecture is the embodiment of the decisions that go into its making, not the result of impersonal forces
A. deteriorating
B. inspiring
C. encouraging
D. producing
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