[听力原文]
Men and women who only do office work are called "white-collar workers". Secretaries and receptionists, typists, bank tellers and computer operators work for many different kind of companies. There are big banks that do business all over the world and small banks that serve a single neighborhood or a small town. Big insurance and industrial companies may employ thousands of people who work in tall office buildings, while around the corner an employment agency or a manufacturer’s representative may have a staff of only half a dozen service agents.
Some office workers dream of working their way up to the top from clerk to president of the corporation. If this is to be done, the way lies through middle management positions. Middle management includes junior executives, who will perform specialized jobs, recommend action to top management, and/or see that the company’s policies are implemented, especially those that involve financial matte
The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. (46) It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people’s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the person’s wages for fear of malingering, "The purpose of social security," said Huntford referring to Sweden’s comparatively generous benefits, "is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity." (47) Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are fo
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