Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person’ s utilization does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else’ s enjoying the same good.
Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is public goods. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit—irrespective of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from the utilization of the light house for navigational purposes. National defense is another example. Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.
It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with pu
A. Mechanisms for safer navigation.
B. The economic structure of the marketplace.
C. A specific group of commodities.
D. The advantages of lowering taxes.
Most people retire from work between the ages of 60 and 65. This has (31) main consequences, one economic and (32) psychological.
Economically: (33) retired people receive a pension(养老金) from the government or from their past (34) ,it is often much less than they earned when they were working. Unless people (35) to save money during their years (36) work, their standard of living may fall greatly when they retire.
Psychologically: Old people in Western countries are generally considered (37) , and they are even thought of as a (38) on their families and on the public purse. They are (39) held in respect. On the other hand, most of them used to (40) work, They simply do not know how to relax or (41) other interests though they have time to do so now. They feel they "should" be working and (42) because work was (43) they were respected and their skills reco
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
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