[单项选择] The scientific method has four steps: 1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena. 2. Formulation of a hypothesis (假设, 假定) to explain the phenomena. 3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict the results of new observations. 4. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent and properly performed experimenters. Recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena, we aim through the use of standard procedures and criteria to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experimenter when testing a hypothesis or a theory. When testing a hypothesis or a theory, the scientist may have a preference for one outcome or another. The most fundamental error is to mistake the hypothesis for an explanation of a phenomenon, without performing experimental tests. Sometimes "common sense" and "logic
A. Time will tell the validity of an experimental result despite the individual bias.
B. The ultimate goal of scientific research is to reach a consensus.
C. The personal bias isn’’t that much serious though we tries to eliminate it
D. The scientific community has the final say as to which is the most reliable experimental research.

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[单项选择] The scientific method has four steps: 1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena. 2. Formulation of a hypothesis (假设, 假定) to explain the phenomena. 3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict the results of new observations. 4. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent and properly performed experimenters. Recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena, we aim through the use of standard procedures and criteria to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experimenter when testing a hypothesis or a theory. When testing a hypothesis or a theory, the scientist may have a preference for one outcome or another. The most fundamental error is to mistake the hypothesis for an explanation of a phenomenon, without performing experimental tests. Sometimes "common sense" and "logic
A. To make the scientific research more efficient.
B. To make experiment as objective as possible.
C. To make the results of the scientific research more standard.
D. To reduce the distractive data involved in the research.

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[单项选择]Passage Four

Custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what, any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how unusual. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he can
A. custom can never be a subject of great moment
B. only the inner workings of our brain is worthy of investigation
C. custom plays a prominent role in our experience and in belief
D. traditional customs are very astonishing

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[简答题]The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

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[单项选择]Passage Four

American culture has not been immune to cultural influences from outside. The idea of democracy came from the ancient Greeks: the Industrial Revolution started in England: jazz and rock music preserve African rhythms--to pick a few examples. Indeed, many of the things we think of as "100 percent American" came from other cultures.
Still, most of the changes in American culture over the last century have come from within, as the result of inventions and discoveries. And change has been dramatic. One hundred years ago the United States was largely a nation of farmers. Many of the things we take for granted today- a high school education, for example, or indoor plumbing—were luxuries then. The moon was a light for lovers, not a site for scientific exploration; genetic engineering (基因工程) was not even a subject for science fiction,
A. working as hard as the Jones
B. trying to get whatever Jones have
C. setting up an ideal
D. making enough money to support the family

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