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Two Types of Social Groups

One of the most basic elements of human life is the way in which we form social groups and interact with the members of those groups. According to sociologists, no one is ever entirely separate from the social networks that surround him or her, and the groups we belong to play an enormous role in determining how we see ourselves and our world. Early American sociologist Charles H. Cooley (1864～1929) defined two principal categories of human groupings, and his ideas are still widely accepted today. He termed them primary and secondary, based on the kinds of relationships individuals in the group share with each other.
In primary groups, we form what Cooley referred to as primary relationships. These are marked by strong, long-lasting emotional ties, feelings of intimacy and genuine concern for the well-being of the other person or people. Intangible items, such as love, respect, and support, are exchanged by
A. The primary group, representing a safe and loving environment, enables individuals to express themselves freely and grow emotionally.
B. Most of the traditional primary groups in a society are no longer able to offer their members emotional well-being.
C. It cannot be overlooked that belonging to primary groups is a necessary part of every individual’s developmental processes.
D. Individuals will seek vital emotional fulfillment in other social environments if their customary primary groups cannot supply it.

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Two Types of Social Groups

One of the most basic elements of human life is the way in which we form social groups and interact with the members of those groups. According to sociologists, no one is ever entirely separate from the social networks that surround him or her, and the groups we belong to play an enormous role in determining how we see ourselves and our world. Early American sociologist Charles H. Cooley (1864～1929) defined two principal categories of human groupings, and his ideas are still widely accepted today. He termed them primary and secondary, based on the kinds of relationships individuals in the group share with each other.
In primary groups, we form what Cooley referred to as primary relationships. These are marked by strong, long-lasting emotional ties, feelings of intimacy and genuine concern for the well-being of the other person or people. Intangible items, such as love, respect, and support, are exchanged by
A. By using definitions formulated by earlier American sociologists.
B. By focusing on the types of interactions displayed by group members.
C. By assigning values to groups based on their role in personal development.
D. By comparing the types of roles they play in society.

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[判断题]

It is commonly supposed that social groups have one single leader.

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[单项选择]Passage Two

There are four basic types of competition in business that form a continuum from pure competition through monopolistic competition and oligopoly (商品供应垄断) to monopoly. At one end of the continuum, pure competition results when every company has a similar product. Companies that deal in commodities such as wheat or corn are often involved in pure competition. In pure competition, it is often the ease and efficiency of distribution that influences purchase.
In contrast, in monopolistic competition several companies may compete for the sale of items that may be substituted. The classic example of monopolistic competition is coffee and tea. If the price of one is perceived as too high, consumers may begin to purchase the other. Coupons and other discounts (折扣) are often used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales.
Oli
A. permitted
B. reserved
C. criticized
D. devised

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