[填空题]The author of the passage has been a government official for about 13 years.

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Passage One

Oceanography has been defined as "the application of all sciences to the study of the sea". Before the nineteen century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that question "What is at the bottom of the oceans" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length o
A. an academic aspect
B. a military aspect
C. a business aspect
D. an international aspect

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[单项选择]Passage Three

Oceanography has been defined as "The application of all sciences to the study of the sea".
Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to sea to further his work.
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to
A. for oceanographic studies
B. for military purposes
C. for business considerations
D. for investigating the depths of the oceans

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[单项选择]
Passage One

Much has been written about the potential for management to become isolated from customers and employees. This phenomenon often occurs not just within top management, but also within middle management.
I’ve seen this isolation phenomenon in many companies. The symptoms are quite apparent: Managers spend a great deal of time talking to themselves and studying operating numbers. They spend precious little time with customers or with employees, trying to understand the system of the business. And when they do spend time with them, they often do not probe deeply into needs, concerns, and opportunities. This phenomenon, often referred to as being "internally focused", can be tremendously insidious (隐伏陷害的).
Although the need for understanding and spending time with customers has been well documented, I find few managers spendi
A. managers do not make any efforts to ask for employees’ opinions
B. managers seldom stay with customers to get information about business operation
C. managers spend much time studying the digital data of their business operation
D. managers make little contact with customers or employees

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[单项选择]Passage Four

Custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what, any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how unusual. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he can
A. custom can never be a subject of great moment
B. only the inner workings of our brain is worthy of investigation
C. custom plays a prominent role in our experience and in belief
D. traditional customs are very astonishing

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