更多"Scientists have long noted that the"的相关试题:
[填空题]Scientists have long noted that the major difference between modem humans and other apes, like chimps, is our (26) of an oversize, energy-hungry brain. It was the development of that brain that drove the evolution of our early human (27) away from an apelike ancestor, starting roughly six million years ago. But the question of just why and how we (28) such big brains, which consume 20 percent of our energy, has long bedeviled science.
"A major difference in muscular strength between humans and nonhuman primates provide one possible (29) ," suggests a new study. The study, (30) Tuesday in the journal PLoS Biology, looked at how rapidly the metabolic needs of various organs, (31) our brains to our kidneys, have evolved. Some scientists have suggested that the rapidly evolving metabolism of the human gut, for example, drove the brain’s evolution. Instead, the new study suggests that muscles and brains have es
[单项选择]Neuroscientists have long understood that the brain can rewire itself in response to experience—a phenomenon known as neuroplasticity. But until recently, they didn"t know what causes gray matter to become plastic, to begin changing. Breakthrough research by a team at MIT"s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory has documented one type of environmental feedback that triggers plasticity: success. Equally important and somewhat surprising: Its opposite, failure, has no impact. Earl Miller, the lead researcher on the study, says understanding the link to environmental feedback is crucial to improving how people teach and motivate because it"s a big part of how we learn. But we absorb more from success than from failure, according to the study. Miller"s researchers gave monkeys a simple learning task: They presented one of two pictures. If it was Picture A, the monkeys were supposed to look to the left; if Picture B, to the right. When the monkeys looked in the correct direction, they were rewarded with a drop of juice. All the while the team recorded brain function. "Neurons(cells specialized to conduct nerve impulses)in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, where the brain tracks success and failure, sharpened their tuning after success," says Miller. What"s more, those changes lingered for several seconds, making brain activity more efficient the next time the monkey did the task. Thereafter, each success was processed more efficiently. That is, the monkey had learned. "But after failure," Miller points out, "there was little change in brain activity." In other words, the brain didn"t store any information about what went wrong and use it the next time. The monkey just tried, tried again. Miller says this means that on a neurological level, success is actually a lot more informative than failure. If you get a reward, the brain remembers what it did right. But with failure(unless there is a clear negative consequence, like the shock a child feels when she sticks something in an electrical outlet), the brain isn"t sure what to store, so it doesn"t change at all. Does this research confirm the management tenet of focusing on your—and your team"s—strengths and successes Miller cautions against making too tidy a connection between his findings and an environment like the workplace, but he offers this suggestion: "Maybe the lesson is to know that the brain will learn from success, and you don"t need to dwell on that. You need to pay more attention to failures and challenge why you fail."Which of the following is true of Earl Miller"s research
A. It discovers neuroplasticity.
B. It is the first study of this kind.
C. It studies one environmental feedback.
D. It attests to one cause of neuroplasticity.
[单项选择]Scientists have long bickered over whether hypocrisy is driven by emotion or by reason. The role of emotion in moral judgments has upended the Enlightenment notion that our ethical sense is based on high-minded philosophy and cognition.
In a new study that will not exactly restore your faith in human nature, psychologists David DeSteno and Piercarlo Valdesolo of Northeastern University instructed 94 people to assign themselves and a stranger one of two tasks, an easy one, looking for hidden images in a photo, or a hard one, solving math and logic problems. The participants could make the assignments themselves, or have a computer do it randomly. Then everyone was asked, how fairly did you act, from "extremely unfairly" (1) to "extremely fairly" (7). Next they watched someone else make the assignments, and judged that person’s ethics.
Selflessness was a virtual no-show. 87 out of 94 people opted for the easy task and gave the next guy the onerous one. Hypocrisy, however, showe
A. emotion.
B. reason.
C. hypocrisy.
D. both emotion and reason.
