[简答题]霍桑效应(Hawthorne effect)

[简答题]霍桑效应(Hawthorne effect)

[单项选择]当实验出现了“霍桑效应”时，为了改进实验，后续研究应采取
A. 双盲法
B. 消除法
C. 平衡法
D. 对抗法

[单项选择]霍桑(Hawthorne)效应是指
A. 与干预毫无关系的非特异性反应
B. 药物反应
C. 逃避反应
D. 接触反应
E. 不依性反应

[单项选择]Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804. Hawthorne’s father was a sea captain. He died of fever when Hawthorne was only four. Hawthorne’s childhood was not particularly abnormal, as many famous authors have claimed to have. Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College and graduated after four years. After graduation, he returned to Salem. Contrary to his family’s expectations, Hawthorne did not begin to read law or enter business, rather he moved into his mother’s house to turn himself into a writer.
Hawthorne’s first novel, Fanshawe, was published anonymously in 1828 at his own expense. Because of a lack of sales, Hawthorne recalled every copy he could find of the book and destroyed them. When a local printer delayed publishing his Seven Tales of My Native Land, Hawthorne withdrew the manuscript and burned it in a mood half-savage, half-despairing. He had destroyed other stories before publication because he thought they were "morbid." In 1837, at the age of thirty-
A. Hawthorne wrote his first collection of short stories, Twice-Told Tales, in collaboration with Longfellow.
B. Hawthorne’s family didn’t want him to take writing as his profession.
C. Hawthorne’s first attempts to get his tales published were not successful.
D. Hawthorne’s fame chiefly rests on his masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter.

[单项选择]Which of the following is NOT Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story（　）.
A. The House of Seven Gables
B. Young Goodman Brown
C. The Great Stone Face
D. The Ambitious Guest

[多项选择]
Contrast effect is a psychological phenomenon related to judgment. Typically, when we experience any given thing, we tend to compare it to other things of the same type. We especially compare it to things of the same type that we most recently experienced. This tendency interferes with our ability to make unbiased judgments of any article based on its inherent qualities and/or its suitability for a given purpose. The phenomenon has important applications in marketing, politics, and game theory to name but a few.
Question: Using information from the reading and the lecture, explain how the professor’s personal experience is related to the reading passage.
Now hear a talk on the same subject.

[填空题]A = Nathaniel Hawthorne B = Galph Waldo Emerson
C = Henry David Thoreau D = Herman Melville
Who...
※ kept a journal throughout his life. (71)
※ had Nathaniel Hawthorne as his neighbor. (72)
※ met Wordsworth when on a tour of Europe. (73)
※ wrote as a moralist. (74)
※ was born where many of the literary figures (75)
of the 19th century lived.
※ completed a novelette just before his death. (76)
※ was concerned with the abolition of slavery. (77)
※ worked as a customs inspector in New York. (78)
※ his "Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment" is a study of (79)
right and wrong in human Conduct.
※ thought a minimum of material kept men (80)
closer to nature.

[简答题]Hawthorne reverted to the same symbol in a notebook entry seven years later, and in 1847 began work on what was to be his greatest achievement, The Scarlet Letter. Such letters were actually worn in colonial New England; instances have been recorded of a D for Drunkard, and even of an I, signifying Incest. They furnished Hawthorne with just the combination of "moral and material" that he could handle: here was a "type" bodied forth: here also was "a secret thing in public". However, despite its near-perfect construction, few great books have been more hesitantly produced. Worries over money prevented him from giving his whole mind to the story. He was troubled by its "hell-fired" quality, and tried to make the book more attractive by supplying a lengthy preamble on the Salem Custom House. Moreover, apart from his immature Fanshawe, Hawthorne had not written anything longer than magazine stories. If his publisher had not badgered him, it is possible that The Scarlet Letter would never