[单项选择] EFFECTS OF TAXATION To understand the effect of any tax, one must first determine who bears the burden of the tax. This is not always an easy task. Suppose that the price of a chocolate doughnut is $ 1.00. The government then imposes on sellers a tax of 10 cents per doughnut. A few weeks after its imposition, the tax causes the price to increase to $ 1.00. The doughnut seller clearly receives the same amount per doughnut as he or she did before the tax—the tax has not made the seller worse off. Consumers pay the entire tax in the form of higher prices. On the other hand, suppose that after the tax the price increases to $ 1.04. In this case, the seller keeps only 94 cents per doughnut, and is worse off by 6 cents per doughnut. Consumers are also worse off, however, because they have to pay 4 cents more per doughnut. In this case, retailers and consumers share the burden of the tax. The way a tax affects people is called tax incidence. The statut
A. actual effects on people’s incomes
B. consumer’s reaction to imposition
C. how much burden producers bear
D. how sensitive sellers of the commodity are

[单项选择] EFFECTS OF TAXATION To understand the effect of any tax, one must first determine who bears the burden of the tax. This is not always an easy task. Suppose that the price of a chocolate doughnut is $ 1.00. The government then imposes on sellers a tax of 10 cents per doughnut. A few weeks after its imposition, the tax causes the price to increase to $ 1.00. The doughnut seller clearly receives the same amount per doughnut as he or she did before the tax—the tax has not made the seller worse off. Consumers pay the entire tax in the form of higher prices. On the other hand, suppose that after the tax the price increases to $ 1.04. In this case, the seller keeps only 94 cents per doughnut, and is worse off by 6 cents per doughnut. Consumers are also worse off, however, because they have to pay 4 cents more per doughnut. In this case, retailers and consumers share the burden of the tax. The way a tax affects people is called tax incidence. The statut
A. Retailers and consumers share the burden of the tax
B. One must determine who bears the burden of the tax
C. Consumers pay the entire tax in the form of higher prices
D. The statutory incidence reveals essentially nothing about a tax’s real burden.

[多项选择]The positive effect of science.
2. The side effects of science.
3. Make the best use of the positive effects of science and avoid its side effects.

[填空题]

A--taxation system
B--taxation
C--fiscal charges
D--progressive taxation
E--graduated tax
F--value added tax
G--income tax
H--land tax
I-excise tax
J--basis of assessment
K--taxable income
L--taxpayer
M--tax collector
N--gross income
O--gross profit
P--net income
Q--average income
R--national income
 

（）特许权税（）总利润

[填空题]

A—taxation system
B—taxation
C—fiscal charges
D—pr0gressive taxation
E—graduated tax
F—value added tax
G—income tax
H—land tax
I—excise tax
J—basis of assessment
K—taxable income
L—taxpayer
M—tax collector
N—gross income
O—gross profit
P—net income
Q—average income
R—national income

（）特许权税（）总利润

[简答题]negative effects

[简答题]"No taxation without representation"

[多项选择]
Contrast effect is a psychological phenomenon related to judgment. Typically, when we experience any given thing, we tend to compare it to other things of the same type. We especially compare it to things of the same type that we most recently experienced. This tendency interferes with our ability to make unbiased judgments of any article based on its inherent qualities and/or its suitability for a given purpose. The phenomenon has important applications in marketing, politics, and game theory to name but a few.
Question: Using information from the reading and the lecture, explain how the professor’s personal experience is related to the reading passage.
Now hear a talk on the same subject.