[填空题]

Daily social relations in France have always been dominated by family ties. The family has been the focus of the individual’s loyalty and{{U}} (47) {{/U}}, of his economic interest, and even of his{{U}} (48) {{/U}}duty. Many an older Frenchman has spent his youth in a World where the family’s needs and demands were put before those of the local{{U}} (49) {{/U}}or even of the State.
The main change since the war is that the focus of loyalty has been{{U}} (50) {{/U}}narrowing from the"{{U}} (51) {{/U}}family" to the "nuclear family", i.e. the home cell of parents and children. In the rural areas the traditionally big peasant families have lost their influence as the young{{U}} (52) {{/U}}away to the town. And in the upper class families, as{{U}} (53) {{/U}}gives way to income and family management disappears, the tight network of the big family gathering has become less necessary for the individual’s future, and also less easy t

[单项选择]

Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about can’t be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.
The creative shaping process of a technologist’s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of non-verbal thinking on the machine by continually using an i
A. identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologists
B. stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design
C. proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technology
D. criticizing engineering schools for emphasizing science in engineering curricula

[单项选择]Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for "academic mobility" is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe; but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.
Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, and their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues. One presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have bean reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along
A. salaries and conditions are better abroad
B. standards are higher at foreign universities
C. they are eager for new knowledge
D. their governments encourage them to travel