[单项选择]Passage Two Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who are sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to (追求) leadership in the first place. We’ve all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it’s a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can’t help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they’re natural born leaders. Truth is, they’re nothing of the sort. True leaders don’t assume that it’s their divine (神圣的) right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its meri
A. Many of them are used to taking charge.
B. Few of them are equal to their positions.
C. Many of them fail to fully develop their potential.
D. Few of them are familiar with leadership literature.

[单项选择]Passage Two Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who are sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to (追求) leadership in the first place. We’ve all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it’s a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can’t help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they’re natural born leaders. Truth is, they’re nothing of the sort. True leaders don’t assume that it’s their divine (神圣的) right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its meri
A. They believe they have the natural gift to lead.
B. They believe in what leadership literature says.
C. They have proved competent in many situations.
D. They derive great satisfaction from being leaders.

[单项选择]TOEFL Reading Passage 1

1. One of the most basic elements of human life is the way in which we form social groups and interact with the members of those groups. According to sociologists, no one is ever entirely separate from the social networks that surround him or her, and the groups we belong to play an enormous role in determining how we see ourselves and our world. Early American sociologist Charles H. Cooley(1864-1929) defined two principal categories of human groupings, and his ideas are still widely accepted today. He termed them primary and secondary, based on the kinds of relationships individuals in the group share with each other.
2. In primary groups, we form what Cooley referred to as primary relationships. These are marked by strong, long-lasting emotional ties, feelings of intimacy and genuine concern for the well-being of the other person or people. Intan

[填空题]Meaning in Literature
In reading literary works, we are concerned with the "meaning" of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue.
There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.
Ⅰ. Meaning is what is intended by (1) ______ (1) ______
Apart from reading an author’s work in question, readers need to
1) read (2) ______ by the same author; (2) ______
2) get familiar with (3) ______at the time; (3) ______
3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.
Ⅱ. Meaning exists "in" the text itself.
1) some people’s view: meaning is produced by the formal properties
of the text like (4) ______, etc. (4) ______
2) speaker’s view: meaning is created by both conventions of
meaning and (5) ______