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[单项选择]The Nature of Civilizations
During the Cold War the world was divided into the First, Second and Third Worlds. Those divisions are no longer relevant. It is far more meaningful now to group countries not in terms of their political or economic systems or in terms of their level of economic development but rather in terms of their culture and civilization.
What do we mean when we talk of a civilization A civilization is a cultural entity. Villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, religious groups, all have distinct cultures at different levels of cultural heterogeneity. The culture of a village in southern Italy may be different from that of a village in northern Italy, but both will share in a common Italian culture that distinguishes them from German villages. European communities, in turn, will share cultural features that distinguish them form Arab or Chinese communities. Arabs, Chinese and Westerners, however, are not part of any broader cultural entity. They constitute civilizations. A civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans form other species. It is defined both by common objective elements, such as language, history, religion, customs, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people. People can and do redefine their identities and, as a result, the composition and boundaries of civilizations change.
Civilizations may involve a large number of people, as with China("a civilization pretending to be a state," as Lucian Pye put it), or a very small number of people, such as the Anglophone Caribbean. A civilization may include several nation states, as is the case with Western, Latin American and Arab civilizations, or only one, as is the case with Japanese civilization. Civilizations obviously blend and overlay, and may include sub civilizations. Western civilization has two major variants, European and North American, and Islam has its Arab, Turkic and Malay subdivisions. Civilizations are nonetheless meaningful entities, and while the lines between them are seldom sharp, they are real. Civilizations are dynamic; they rise and fall; they divide and merge. And, as any student of history knows, civilizations disappear and are buried in the sands of time.
Westerners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs.
They have been that, however, for only a few centuries. The broader reaches of human history have been the history of civilizations. In A Study of History, Arnold Toynbee identified 21 major civilizations; only six of them exist in the contemporary world.According to the passage, what is a more meaningful way now to group countries as compared with the Cold War period
A. In terms of political systems.
B. In terms of the level of economic development.
C. In terms of the culture only.
D. In terms of culture and civilization.
[单项选择]Ships traveling in the North Atlantic during the winter must be constantly watchful to avoid icebergs, large masses of ice （ ） only one-ninth is visible above water.
A. so that
B. in that
C. which
D. of which
[简答题]Suppose you had a bad cold during your last trip to a famous mountain. The tourist guide has helped you a lot. Write a letter of thanks to the travel agency. Your letter Should include:
1) a description of your case
2) thanks to the tourist guide and the travel agency
You should write approximately 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Wang Lin" instead.
[单项选择]A. Hot during the day and cold at night. B. Cold during the day and hot at night.
C. Hot day and night. D. Cold day and night.
[单项选择]
M: I have a terrible cold.
W: We have quite a few medications to make you more comfortable.
What does the woman probably do（ ）.
A. A teacher．
B. A student．
C. A doctor．
[单项选择]
[听力原文]
M: Was it very cold here last winter
W: Not really. The temperature never dropped below freezing. There was a little snow in December around Christmas time.
What did the woman say about the weather （）
A. The temperature dropped below freezing.
B. It was very cold.
C. It was mildly cold in the early winter last year.
D. It was very cold during Christmas tim
[单项选择]
W: I have eaten in so many restaurants during the past week that the thought of eating out again makes me sick.
M: I feel the same way, but there is no way to get out of this dinner appointment.
W: I hope I won’t have to eat out next week.
M: Me, too. I miss the family dinner.
What does the man mean（ ）.
A. He has refused another dinner appointment.
B. He doesn’t eat out very often.
C. He knows the way to the restaurant.
D. He does not like to eat out either.
[单项选择]
During McDonald’s early years French fries were made from scratch every day, Russet Burbank potatoes were (31) , cut into shoestrings, and fried in its kitchens. (32) the chain expanded nationwide, in the mid-1960s, it sought to cut labour costs, reduce the number of suppliers, and (33) that its fries tasted the same at every restaurant. McDonald’s began (34) to frozen French fries in 1966 — and few customers noticed the difference. (35) the change had a profound effect on the nation’s agriculture and diet. A familiar food had been (36) into a highly processed industrial (37) McDonald’s fries now come from huge manufacturing plants (38) can process two million pounds of potatoes a day. The expansion (39) McDonald’s and the popularity of its low-cost, mass-produced fries changed the way Americans eat.
The (40) of McDonald’s French fries played a crucial role in t
A. brand
B. stuff
C. commodity
D. produce
