[单项选择]（） online shopping has changed our life , not all of its effects have been positive.
A. Since
B. After
C. While
D. Unless

[单项选择]My work with leaders from all walks of life has ______ me that they were not born leaders—they are made.
A. advocated
B. implied
C. convinced
D. illustrated

[单项选择]
Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.
Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they
A. an increase in birthrates
B. the industrial development
C. a decrease in death rates
D. cultural advances

[单项选择]American life has always had its element of change, of movement, some say of restlessness, and this is still so now.（）
A. 美国人在生活中一直喜变好动，有人说这是不安分守己，这一点至今没有改变。
B. 据有些人说，要到美国生活，就要有变化，喜爱运动，放弃休息，一直不得安宁。
C. 美国人的生活总少不了变化、迁居，如人所说，不安于现状，至今依然如此。
D. 据有些人说，在美国生活有变化，有运动，还有些不安分，直到现在仍然是这样的。
E. 美国人的生活总是具有变化、迁移，有人说不安分守己。这一点至今依然如故。

[单项选择]Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stress; its motivating force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition and competition is stressful; it is often most intense in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The presence of huge numbers of people inevitably involves more conflict, more traveling, the overloading of public services and exposure to those deviants and criminals who are drawn to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in the relative anonymity of urban life, but today’s ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever; there is much evidence that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. City dwellers may become trapped in their homes by the fear of crime around them.
As a defence against these developments, city dwellers tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves: contact
A. giving the individual a say in planning
B. dispersing long-established communities
C. forcing people to live on top of each other
D. making people move to the suburbs